Stained Glass Illumination Of The Gothic Age - 1821 Words

Stained Glass: Illumination of the Gothic Age The origins of stained glass are unknown, but archeologists have found many examples of this type of artwork created during the classical period throughout many cultures worldwide. The earliest examples of stained glass artwork found in existence are Egyptian stained glass beads created in 2700 BC. Later, the affluent of Rome commissioned artists to create stained glass windows for their homes. However, it wasn’t until the dawning of the Gothic period during the eighth century that the form and artistry of the stained glass window took on a whole new meaning. The particular stained glass windows I would like to use in my critique and analysis of an example of stained glass within the Gothic period is the Rose window and lancets found in the Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1220. During the Gothic period the stained glass windows took on a different form both physically and spiritually. Stained glass windows were no longer vacuous pieces of art whose aesthetic form served only as a visual stimulus, but rather complex, spiritual and political illuminations painstakingly forged to tell stories indicative of the time. The art historian Philip Ball notes in his book on Chartres, â€Å"There are few buildings in the world that exude such a sense of meaning, intention, signification — that tell so clearly and so forcefully that these stones were put in place according to a philosophy of awesome proportions, appropriate to theShow MoreRelatedGothic Cathedrals, Compare and Contrast Two846 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Cathedrals The Gothic style has been the root for some of mankind’s most beautiful works of art. It was introduced by the Romanesque style of building. Romanesque style only lasted for nearly one hundred years before the Gothic style replaced it entirely. Abbot Suger was the founder of the Gothic style. One great form of Gothic architecture was the Notre Dame de Chartres cathedral that was built in France between 1145 and 1513. Another form is the Bourges cathedral, located in BourgesRead MoreSaint Brigid s Centre For The Arts1657 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped three architectural features: arch, dome and vault in the 1st century BC. Romanesque architecture has characteristically elements: Semi-circular arch, Barrel vaulting of the nave, thick buttress walls and Gothic architecture has three elements which came together in Gothic period: Pointed arch, Ribbed vault and Flying buttress. Among Architecture terms, a vault is an arch- shaped structure used to provide an enclosed space with a ceiling or roof of a building and is a unique element toRead MoreEssay On Colosseum1588 Words   |  7 PagesModule 2: Age of Perfection and Empire (Colosseum – Negative) 336! The Colosseum (72AD – 80AD) demonstrates that function (â€Å"shelter, program, organization, use, occupancy, materials, social purpose†) informs style (â€Å"line, outline, shape, composition†) (Figure 1) (Hendrix 2013, 1; John, Sheard and Vickery 2007, 4). Built as a theatre to entertain Roman citizens, the Colosseum’s shape, size, tiered seating, arena and rhythmical arches emerges from the functional requirements to stage entertainmentRead More Medieval Art Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pageschurches. European art during the Middle Ages can be divided into four periods. These four periods include Celto-Germanic art which ranged from 400 to 800 A.D. and was important in metal work. Carolingian art ranged from 750 to 987 A.D. overlapping 50 years of the Celto-Germanic period. The period of Romanesque art spanned mainly the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and was an important period for medieval architecture. Gothic art, the final period of the Middle Age ar t began in the Romanesque period aroundRead MoreEssay on Medieval Art1111 Words   |  5 Pageschurches. European art during the Middle Ages can be divided into four periods. These four periods include Celto-Germanic art which ranged from 400 to 800 A.D. and was important in metal work. Carolingian art ranged from 750 to 987 A.D. overlapping 50 years of the Celto-Germanic period. The period of Romanesque art spanned mainly the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and was an important period for medieval architecture. Gothic art, the final period of the Middle Age art began in the Romanesque periodRead More leadership theories and analysis Essay2506 Words   |  11 Pages34 or online at http://www.abcgallery.com/E/eyck/eyck3.html. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Renaissance symbolizes the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the development of the Modern world. Early Renaissance, mostly in Italy, links the art period during the fifteenth century, between the Middle Ages and the High Renaissance in Italy. It was commonly known that Renaissance developed in Northern Europe later, in 16th century. The rebirth is used to mark an era of extensiveRead MoreThe Sainte-Chapelle: A Rare and Sparkling Jewel1407 Words   |  6 Pages The Sainte-Chapelle The Sainte Chapelle sparkles like a rare jewel that has magnificent architecture and decoration; the stain glass windows seem to be inside of a jewel case. The many jewels seem to change color every hour with the sunlight rays bouncing back and forth. â€Å"The founder, King Louis IX, the future St. Louis, who had it built to house the Holy Relics of the Passion, today dispersed† (Finance 1). The spire has statues of Christ’s apostles at the base of the spire and has anglesRead MoreMedieval Period – Feudal System and Architecture3601 Words   |  15 Pageshalf-barrel vault, a vault ceiling that resembles a barrel cut lengthwise, the buttresses effectively became flying buttresses. These somewhat similar structures are set up in aisles that extend through two stories rather than only one like in the Gothic style, doing it this way better supports the weight of the highly vaulted ceilings (Harvey 46). In somewhat infrequent occurrences these buttresses would be located on the interior of the church so that it seemed less noticeable, thus making theRead MoreGay Dance Clubs Essay example4299 Words   |  18 Pagesfurther reinforced the role of sex through its ability to sell and turn a profit. A prime example of the modern superclub is ESTATE, a new name for a venue with a long history. In 1983, the predominately gay nightclub Limelight opened in the 1896 gothic-style Church of the Holy Communion on the corner of Sixth Avenue and 20th Street in New York City (Lee, 2003). The venue has had a tumultuous life marked by drug raids, debt, embezzlement and sexual debauchery. Closed after the downfall of Peter GatienRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesan era of dislocation and uncertainty ensued. - The thousand year medieval era lasted from the fifth century fall of Rome until the fifteenth century Renaissance. - In the 700’s, with the exception of Celtic pattern-making, book design and illumination had sunk to a low in most of Europe. - Many people feared that the year 1000 AD would be the end of the world. - On New Years Ever, 999 AD, many people stripped naked, and lay on their roofs waiting for final judgment. - By 1150 AD, Bibles

Police Body Cameras - 1715 Words

Todays Police Put On a Gun and a Camera Author: Johnson, Kirk ProQuest document link Abstract: Liability-conscious city attorneys say the cameras could help in lawsuits; rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union, say police accountability will be bolstered by another layer of public documentation; and the Justice Department, surveying 63 police departments that were using body cameras and many others that were not, concluded in a report this month that the technology had the potential to promote the perceived legitimacy and sense of procedural justice in interactions between the public and law enforcement. Links: Linking Service Full text: PULLMAN, Wash. -- Amateur videos of police officers doing their jobs have†¦show more content†¦If they dont yell it, is everything on there now the fruit of the poisonous tree? asked Sgt. Peter Simpson, a spokesman for the Portland police department, referring to the legal doctrine that improperly gathered evidence can taint an entire case and may not be used i n court. The Portland department is testing body cameras on six officers, with plans for a departmentwide rollout. Here in Washington State, which has one of the nations most vigorous public records laws, the Seattle police are wrestling with whether video can be posted online almost immediately, as a nearly real-time documentary, and how to blur or obscure images to protect the identities of victims or informers. A pilot project that had been set for the summer was postponed partly because of questions about how public access to the recordings would work. Storage, management and retrieval of the collected data create mammoth questions of their own. Private companies like Taser International offer document storage services, along with the cameras, batteries, docking stations and software, but state laws vary widely about how long criminal records must be stored, from a few years for most misdemeanors to in perpetuity for major felonies. And as Pullman and other police departments ar e finding, people often request multiple videos. That isShow MoreRelatedPolice And Body Cameras1387 Words   |  6 Pagesthe body cameras would improve relationships with the public. â€Å"BWCs were allocated to all frontline officers in one for a period of six months (July 23, 2014–December 15, 2014), but not to any other frontline officers of the other five geographic districts ( officers=513). The single geographic district was therefore the treatment area, while each of the five other districts served as comparison sites†(). Arrests, complaints, 911 calls and the use of force were monitored through the cameras to improveRead MorePolice Officers And Body Cameras Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesagencies, or more specifically police officers, are under constant scrutiny from their peers as well as outside sources. Many of these problems arise from how the police treat and deal with these citizens. There is however a solution to these problems, which can not only impr ove officer safety, but can also protect anyone else that the officer encounters. The solution to this problem is officer mounted camera systems, or better known as body cameras. These body cameras capture almost everything anRead MorePolice Body Cameras On The World870 Words   |  4 Pagesyear after the camera s introduction, the use of force by officers’ decline 60%, and citizens’ complaints against police fell 88%†. (Christopher Mims) The introduction of police body cameras impacted the world in many better ways than bad. But, police body cameras were introduced due to the public s awareness to police brutality and numerous of publicity deaths which has impacted the outcome of police interactions. Police body cameras were first thought of when an awareness of police brutality wasRead MorePolice Enforcement And Body Cameras1770 Words   |  8 PagesFor the past several years the push for police to wear body cameras has greatly increased. Body cameras are small video and audio recorders that can be worn by police officers to capture all encounters the officers have with citizens. Large cities and counties across the nation have been testing body cameras among several police departments to see if they can actually improve the way police and citizens interact with one another. Over the course of the past several years evidence has shown that theRead MorePolice And Body Cameras A Need1859 Words   |  8 Pages Police and Body Cameras A Need to Heal Terri Williams ENG 122: English Composition II Prof. William Barone October 2, 2015 There are thousand among thousands of misconduct reports filed each year against the law enforcement for police officers using excessive force complaints make up nearly one quarter (Harvard Law Review, 2010). Decision, decision, decision†¦ when a police officer decides to gun down a suspect during encounter or an arrest it the police officer decision. Particularly, thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Police Body Cameras On A Police Environment Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom police officers has been a concern for many areas in the U.S. in recent years, resulting in protests and unnecessary deaths. A handful of incidents in places such as Ferguson and Baltimore have left many in America distrustful of law enforcement procedures and how some officers handle potentially dangerous situations. One solution proposed to this issue is to equip police officers with body cameras to record the actions of officers. Frank Scalise, author of his book on police body cameras, explainsRead MorePoli ce Body Camera Decline Police Brutality956 Words   |  4 PagesTechnological Era in Policing The dispute of police body cameras truly hit the media hard this week. Blasting from the headlines all citizens were aware that Michael Brown was lethally shot in Ferguson, Missouri. This prompted officers to become fortified with body cameras. This technologically progressive world that we live in today has shaped a world of tweeting, posting and uploading. It’s about time that police departments take advantage of the tools accessible to them, especially with the advancementRead MoreThe Importance Of Police Body Cameras On The Police Force1497 Words   |  6 PagesThis past May (2015), due to recent tense police-community relations, the Obama administration initiated a government program to evaluate the effectiveness of having the police force wear body cameras. The very public incidents that have occurred ignited accusations of police brutality and as a result, the call for police body cameras is one government action in response to these accusations. The theory being that all people, even those in official capacities, behave differently when they knowRead MoreThe Effect Of Body Cameras On Police Work1722 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of a city with positive results from the use of body-cameras. In Rialto, police began wearing body-cameras a little less than three years ago. As a result of officers wearing body-cameras, citizens’ complaints against police officers dropped 88 percent and use of force by police officers dropped 60 percent from the previous 12 month period when body-cameras were not in use. Rialto’s police chief said, â€Å"When you put a camera on a police officer, they tend to behave a little better, follow theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Police Body Cameras761 Words   |  4 PagesThere has been a lot of talk lately in the news about police body cameras. Some people agree that body cameras should be used by all police officers, while others disagree and believe that they shouldn’t be used at all. There are some cons to having body cameras but all of the pros outweigh it. Police body cameras should be used in all towns no matter how small because the people will act less aggressive towards officers, they provide truthful evidence that cannot be altered with, and the videos

Generates Distributes Energy In Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Generates Distributes Energy In Australia? Answer: Introduction AGL Energy (AGL in the ASX), is a publicly listed Australian company that deals with services and products pertaining to energy. It has been audited for the past decade by a different audit firm and now wants to be audited by NY partners. It is involved in the generation and retailing of gas and electricity for commercial and residential use. It is in the energy and utilities industry where the Australian government has put a lot of measures and policies to encourage the liberalization of the sector and its growth (Chambers and Rand, 2011). For initial audit planning strategy, the company has to conduct preliminary investigations on the audited accounts prior to the companys transfer of auditors. In the planning phase of the company audit, the attention will be on key areas of the audit and ensuring that there is sufficient resources that are allocated for the audit engagement. The planning phase should ensure that the audit being carried out will be well directed, supervised and adequately affected to highly reduce the audit risk involved. This is well articulated in ISA300, planning and auditing of financial statements (Ridley, 2008). Initial audit planning Planning begins shortly or after the completion of the previous audited work. This begins with a review of discussed issues with AGL Energy management and the issues that were previously reviewed under the previous audited accounts such as deficiencies in control or the unadjusted errors. These matters are very essential to the audit of the current financial reports and should be considered when planning. AGL Energy is a very big company and therefore NY partners should consider the size of the company, the nature of business and the complexity of the company (Arens et al., n.d.). There is also other factor that may arise like previous engagements with the company if there was at all. The audit plan will also be revised in progress with the audit and should not be viewed as fixed in one constant phase. Clients business and Industry As earlier stated, the client is in the manufacturing and retailing of energy in Australia. It is a big energy company that is also listed in the Australian stock exchange and performs considerably very well. It operates in the gas and utilities industry. Key people in the management include the CEO, Andrew Vesey who also doubles up as the MD. The products that the company deals in include, wind power, Hydro electricity, natural gas, wind power and coal gas. This is generated, retailed and eventually distributed to retailers. Its revenue as at FY 2016 was $ 11.150 Billion while the income for the same period was $ 1.211 Billion. The number of employees as at 2016 was 3,358 and it owns a 25% stake in Actew AGL a subsidiary (Halpert, 2011). It is Australia largest and private owner of renewable assets and energy. Business risk- Risk assessment phase The objective of the risk assessment phase in the audit of financial statements is to identify sources of risk and then assess whether they could result in material misstatement in the financial statements. The auditor should then identify and assess the risks of material error at the level of the assertions included in the financial statements for the various types of transactions, balance sheet accounts and disclosures. This process provides the auditor with the information needed to focus auditing efforts on areas where the risk of material misstatement is highest. On the other hand, the auditor does not need to audit all control activities related to each type of transaction but must focus on significant risks; that is, in the risks of material error identified and evaluated that, in their opinion, require special audit attention. Subsequently, the auditor should clearly, timely and consistently document the identified risks and the material error evaluation at the level of the financial statements and assertions (Halpert, 2011). The risk assessment consists of two parts: the identification of risk, which consists of identifying possible weak points, and the risk assessment, which is to determine the relative importance of each risk. Identification of risks Business risk: Business risk is the result of events, circumstances, actions or inactions that adversely affect the entity, which impairs its ability to achieve its objectives. Business risk also includes events that arise from changes in the company, complexity in specific areas or lack of timely changes. A business risk can have immediate consequences and generate a risk of material error pertaining to transactions, balance sheet accounts and disclosures of assertions and financial statements (Rupert and Kern, 2016). For AGL Energy the business risks involved include change in foreign exchange currency where the currency falls resulting in losses that compounds the business. Energy is mostly affected by nature and lack of strong winds or rainy seasons will lead to little or no generation of wind and solar energy. Changes in the company management structure are also a business risk that can lead to business risk. Material error in transaction of business may also lead to business risk There are several firms of Public Accountants that, in carrying out their audit work, focus their study on financial statements, in particular on the documentary review, by means of detailed tests of the main items and elements that form the financial statements. This stems from the fiscal approach of some of these audits and, as the case may be, due to the staff's lack of knowledge of applicable auditing standards. This gives rise to several problems for these firms: Lack of identification and evaluation of the ri sks of material error, which causes failures in the design and implementation of responses to evaluated risks (non-compliance with the Auditing Standards [NA]). Incur significant time investments to achieve established audit objectives (operational inefficiency).In addition to the serious problem of noncompliance with NAs, the above drawbacks are reflected in the need to apply additional audit procedures once completed, resulting in a significant investment of time for the team. Comprehensive ration analysis in relation to the industry AGL Energy is doing better than its peers in the industry. This is a comprehensive ratio analysis for the company Ratios Formulae AGL Energy Industry Ratios Net profit margin Net Income * Net Sales 189.875/3197.62= 0.059 196.733/3289.813= 0.006 Asset turnover Sales/ total assets 3197.62/4302.23= 0.79 3289.813/4489.96= 0.74 Current ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities 1249.17/876.46= 1.42 1332.96/706.71= 1.89 Quick ratio Cash + Accounts Receivable Current Liabilities 335.32+462.67/876.46= 0.91 387.18+504.77/706.71= 1.26 Debt ratio Total debt/ total assets 1701.6/4302.2= 0.395 1792.3/4489.9= 0.399 Reflection on this matter How often do you notice that audit work programs are defined, without having made an identification and evaluation of risks of material error? Even without having done the audit planning? The use of analytical procedures allows the auditor to efficiently identify potential risks of error, but not only this, but also allows him to know about the entity audited, its financial development and the industry trends of the entity (Performance audit, 2005). Substantive analytical procedures According to their nature, analytical procedures provide different levels of security; to the extent that the level of security decreases may require the incorporation of another type of procedure or, where appropriate, non-application of that procedure. Likewise, it is necessary to evaluate the possibility of applying together with substantive analytical procedures, details. For example, for the validation of the client balance, it is possible for the auditor to perform substantive analytical tests (evaluation of the seniority of balances) and to apply detailed tests (check of subsequent collections). When evaluating the reliability of the information, the auditor should take the following into account for the information available: the source, comparability, nature and relevance and the controls established in the preparation. Information obtained from independent sources of the entity is more reliable; and when it has been audited or reviewed by independent external parties (Ridle y, 2008). It is advisable to be careful in the reliability of the information used for substantive analytical tests; therefore, the auditor should make sure that you can trust it. Not every report provided by the revised entity may have been prepared with diligence. Types of analytical procedures 1.It refers to the procedures performed by the auditor in order to compare financial and / or non-financial information with information from the industry in which the client develops its object and / or with similar companies. Example: The auditor can compare key customer performance indicators (liquidity, indebtedness, performance and activity) with customer industry indicators. 2. Customer Expectation It refers to the comparison of the accounting information with the expectations that the client prepares (budget). Example: The auditor can make a comparison of the budgeted expenses against the actual expenses to a certain date. Significant variations may indicate errors and irregularities in the financial statements (Ridley, 2008).Before the auditor makes the decision to carry out this type of analysis, it is necessary to evaluate the budget preparation and approval process. 3. Auditor's Expectation These are calculations performed by the auditor in order to determine the reason ableness of an account of the financial statements. For these calculations, the auditor may use operational or financial information. 4. Expectation of financial statements It refers to analyzing the changes that occur in the balance sheet accounts and / or results between two or more periods. Likewise, the trends of key performance indicators (Liquidity, yield, indebtedness, activity) of the current period with previous periods can be analyzed References Arens, A., Elder, R., Beasley, M. and Hogan, C. (n.d.). Auditing and assurance services. Chambers, A. and Rand, G. (2011). The Operational Auditing Handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Efficient auditing of private companies. (2012). London: Wolters Kluwer. Halpert, B. (2011). Auditing cloud computing. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Performance audit. (2005). Sydney: Audit Office of N.S.W. Ridley, J. (2008). Cutting edge internal auditing. Chichester, England: Wiley. Rupert, T. and Kern, B. (2016). Advances in accounting education. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Vona, L. (n.d.). Fraud data analytics methodology.

Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Sample free essay sample

As a instructor I have many different functions and duties. I must supply effectual instruction to my scholars. back uping them in all facets throughout their acquisition journey. 1. 1 Summarise cardinal facets of statute law. regulative demands and codifications of pattern associating to ain function and duties These are both Acts of the Apostless and ordinances that as a coach I need to be cognizant of and follow with. Below is a sum-up of how each act will impact on my function as a coach. Health and Safety Act at Work Act 1974: I have a responsibility of attention to guarantee the wellness. safety and public assistance of my scholars. To make this I must guarantee that the environment is safe. by manner of an appraisal. cheaking that there are no draging wires or anything that could be a trip or steal jeopardy. Guaranting that all equipment is fit for intent and supplying equal visible radiation and warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides to do the scholars aware of any possible jeopardies. doing certain every safeguard is taken and that the scholars co-operate. The Equality Act 2010 ( integrating old equality statute law on disablement. race. particular demands. gender. age and employment equality ) : The point of this is that larning should be accessible to all regardless of race. disablement. gender etc. As a coach I must handle every individual with regard allow them the really best chance to larn. The Data Protection Act 1998:Under this act I must guarantee that all personal and confidential information is collated and stored suitably. It must non be accessible by anyone other than authorized forces. This can be ensured by hive awaying any physical files in locked storage and all electronic information is password protected. Whilst roll uping and treating such information it is of import to be cognizant of your surrounding and retrieve to maintain such documents separate to guarantee confidentiality is maintained and information protected. The Human Rights Act 1998: This act protects the rights of every adult male. adult female and kid to be free and equal in self-respect and rights. As a coach it means my scholars rights to esteem and privacy demand to be adhered to every bit good as forbearing from being judgmental. The Freedom of Information Act 2000:This act gives a general right of public entree to all types of ‘recorded’ information held by public governments. As it merely applies to ‘public authorities’ it does non impact greatly on my function in disposal within a private company. but I would actively promote my scholars to seek out any information they require to assist them. Codes of Practice:Codes of Practice tend to be more of a guideline and are non lawfully adhering. but as a coach I will register with the Institute for Learning and as such it is regarded as unprofessional to non follow. It is ever a good mention to guarantee that as a professional I remain current and maintain or exceed expected criterions. 1. 2 Explain ain duties for advancing equality and valuing diverseness As a coach it is my ‘duty to actively promote’ equality of chance. Equality in instruction is non about handling everyone the same ; it is about making the equal chance for everyone to entree acquisition. Diversity is about encompassing people’s differences. such as cognition. accomplishments and experiences. By promoting and using these differences you broaden the acquisition experience. 1. 3 Explain ain function and duties in womb-to-tomb larning The best illustration of this is the Teaching Cycle. to learn in womb-to-tomb acquisition than this should be followed at all times in order to carry through your responsibilities as a instructor. I must supply uninterrupted appraisal for both groups and persons. constructive feedback and accurately enter all information throughout each measure of the procedure. Initial Appraisal: A well designed application signifier is my best tool to derive information prior to get downing any class. Equally good as the basic indispensable information required it is prudent to include subdivisions in which the appliers provide information to assist you place their demands. In cognizing the age scope of my group or single and the degree of cognition and experience they have I can fix their Sessionss more efficaciously in order for them to have the best learning result. If an initial appraisal high spots any demands that autumn outside my installations. cognition or capablenesss so it is my responsibility to be able to direct them to where they will have the necessary aid and aid. The planning and designing of the class or session: During the initial appraisal and correspondence prior to the start of a class. the purposes A ; aims should hold been established. Using this information I produce a Scheme of Work or Session Plan ( or both ) . The Scheme of Work is a general lineation of what I am taking to accomplish by the terminal of the session and the Session Plan is a more elaborate dislocation of the session. including: * Timings * Learning results* Teacher activities* Assessment method to be used* Aim* Learner activities* Resources After developing the SOW and Session Plan I can so beginning and fix the necessary resources I need to present the session. I believe it is good to hold several different thoughts and ways of learning the same elements of a class in order to let for the different acquisition manners of my scholars. Delivery of the Course or session: This is a big portion of the Teaching Cycle in which I will hold to see the scholars abilities and the kineticss of the group in order to estimate the velocity and pitch of my bringing. During the planning of the Sessionss I will hold prepared a few different methods for each portion of the lessons. One group or scholar may react to one technique more positively than another. this is where I believe my people accomplishments will come into drama in order to estimate the gait of the session and adapt to supply the most effectual bringing at that point in clip. being careful non to lose path of the desire acquisition results. Recorded Course or Session Evaluation: Evaluations and appraisals must be recorded by both the coach and the scholars at every phase of the larning journey. These ratings are indispensable to supervise the advancement and effectiveness the class provided. they will foreground the positive countries of the Sessionss. countries that can be improved upon and over a period of clip aid to place any tendencies sing the classs effectivity. It is for this ground it is of import to finish the ratings truthfully. by both coachs and scholars. It is besides of import for me to retrieve non to be negative with my rating remarks as it is the quickest manner to deter and corrupt the scholars. Constructive feedback is the best manner to promote scholars and steer them towards their acquisition ends. All ratings need to be recorded and kept. This non merely benefits the acquisition Centre but is needed for the awarding organic structures. 1. 4 Explain ain function and duties in placing and run intoing the demands of the scholars Every scholar is different! It is my function to place the different demands of the scholar through the Initial Assessment ( as antecedently mentioned ) . pre class questionnaires and interviews. Armed with the information gained from these I can so get down to measure the learner’s preferred learning manner. It is non unusual for a scholar to hold two preferable manners. Universally the most normally used theory is Kolb’s VAK. V is for Ocular – This is where scholars gain and retain information more efficaciously by seeing for themselves either by reading. looking at images. diagrams or press releases. watching movies and by and large detecting. A is for Auditory – This is for people who prefer to listen to the spoken or recorded word. They tend to be able to execute and finish undertakings more expeditiously after listening to the instructions. K is for Kinaesthetic – Learner with this learning manner tend to prefer to be able to experience. touch or physically preform the undertaking asked of them in order to understand it better. Besides throughout the class I can promote different persons to take part with inclusive learning techniques. Directing inquiries or inquiring for thoughts from ‘someone at the back’ . Introducing iceboats and energizers to the Sessionss to advance assurance and assist me to estimate the different characters and personalities within the group. It is of import to set up a resonance with the scholars so that they feel comfy. they have a positive acquisition experience and experience able to near me with any jobs or concerns they may hold at any phase of the class. It is my duty to supply all of this within the legislative ordinances and codifications of pattern. and to stay current by go oning to keep and better my professional development. Understand the relationships between instructors and other professionals in womb-to-tomb acquisition 2. 1 A ; 2. 3 Summarise ain duties in relation to other professionals and explicate the boundaries between the learning function and other professional functions I am responsible for conveying any issues that affect the quality of the classs being delivered to the attending of the Centre Manager. The Centre is monitored by Internal Verifier s and External Verifiers. I am required to go to regular meetings to discourse preparation demands and reexamine the Centre processes. based on the scholar feedback signifiers which are monitored by the Centre Manager. All information gathered is dealt with confidentially and any jobs or concerns are to be referred to the Centre Manager if I am unable to help the scholars satisfactorily for any ground. 2. 2 Describe the points of referral to run into the demands of your scholars There are many different grounds or concerns a scholar may necessitate aid or advice that you are unable to assist with. * They may be worried about affording the travel or parking costs * They are non certain if the authorship may be excessively much for them. they are disquieted the may be dyslexic * They don’t experience safe entirely with the coach * They feel bullied by other scholars* They need help with ICT In which instance it is necessary to mention them to person who can assist them Learners Need: | Refer to: |Basic Skills – Literacy/Numeracy| Student services and student support. Learning troubles and disablement support| Safeguarding Issue| Student services and welfare|Financial Support| Financial Aid and Job Centres|Careers Advice| Careers Advice and Guidance and Job Centres| Behaviour| Student Services. Centre Manager and Internal Verifier | Lack of advancement on a course| Teaching helpers and larning mentors| Understand ain duty for keeping a safe and supportive acquisition environment 3. 1 Explain ain duties in keeping a safe and supportive acquisition environment I must do certain that all scholars are in a safe environment by transporting out schoolroom appraisals guaranting easiness of entree and issue. All jeopardies have been identified and controlled. Part of the debut will include set uping the land regulations and doing the scholars aware of any hazards and comply with the direction of them. The hazard appraisal of the environment is an ongoing procedure throughout the continuance of the class to assist pull off any new hazards that may originate. The scholars must be made cognizant of the assorted points of contact. including the ailments process and the Equality and diverseness policies of the Centre. The class content is designed to be inclusive of all scholars with changing methods of learning being used. I make certain the scholars feel they are able to near me for any ground safe in the cognition that I will assist them to the really best of my abilities or mention them to person more appropriate to make so. Land regulations are set at the beginning of the class reaffirming the pre-course paperwork. I operate a house but just attack. supplying constructive feedback and utilizing formative and summational appraisals. 3. 2 Explain ways to advance appropriate behaviors and regard for others I feel the best manner to advance this is by set uping land regulations before the beginning of the class by manner of pre-course paperwork that is required to be agreed to. signed and returned to the Centre. My land regulations are: * Mobile phones to be turned to silent. Any of import calls that need to be made or answered require the scholar to go forth the room. * Appropriate linguistic communication and behavior is to be used for the continuance of the class. * All interruptions. tiffin times. session start and finish times are to be adhered to. * Questions can be asked at any clip. but kept relevant to the capable affair. These regulations are reaffirmed at the beginning of each twenty-four hours. The scholars are given the point of referral if they disagree with any determinations made. By pull offing the land regulations and guaranting that just action is taken if they are non adhered to it helps to make a supportive and inclusive environment. Bibliography: PTLLS made EasyWorld Wide Web. uww. edu/learn/diversity/safeclassroomHREA. orgTakepart. orgMarkedbyteachers. com

English Commentary The following is a commentary o Essays

English Commentary The following is a commentary o Essays English Commentary The following is a commentary on paragraph in P.G 211 a 212 in the Sorrow of War.. The paragraph from page 211 to 212 has a very important significance to the story as a whole. It has a lot of metaphors and similes that add to the sorrowful mood of the story. In the beginning, the paragraph is very poetic, juxtaposing past images of life to future and present images of death and destruction. In specific it juxtaposes the "eternal" beauty of his girlfriend Phuong to the tragic finality of war. The paragraph is written in the simple past tense, the perfect past tense which means the past before the past and the hypothetical "would" in order to emphasize Kien's deep longings to relive the past. It also shows us how Kien lost his spirit of fighting, and gave up hope. This is spiritual loss, and it is what most soldiers were experiencing. There is basically no more hope, no more life, just death. Overall, the paragraph reflects images of the sorrows of war. The sorrows and effects of war are clearly shown when the narrator reverses traditional symbols. The first very evident example of reversing traditional symbols is the narrator's use of the concept of "miracle" and "dream" not to talk about a future goal but about the past. Thus returning to the past and finding it "unchanged" becomes a "miracle" and a "dream". We usually dream of the future and hope for a miracle that would "change" our lives. However the miracle that Kien awaits is to find that the past still exists "untouched" and "untainted". Of course that miracle is impossible and consequently the paragraph has a deep nostalgic sadness. Like Kien, we can feel the painful irony of the impossibility of this miracle to happen. Other images function in the same way to show Kien's despair and loss of hope. He saw "a river stretching before him. He saw himself floating towards his death". Here the narrator compares the river to a path that ends life. However, we usually associate rivers with freedom and ongoing life. The narrator also says "fate waited to take him from the terrible present to the happy days of the past". The narrator is showing us how much he longs to relive the past and how he dreads the present, and views his future as a horrible period of time. In the beginning of the paragraph, the narrator creates a beautiful world untouched by war through many poetic images. The narrator says "she would have been untainted by war". This shows us how war has ruined the girl Kien loved. The narrator creates images in our minds; about how his girlfriend would be if it wasnt for war. "She would be forever beautiful.", "Phong would remain young forever," and "No one would ever come close to her beauty". The narrator uses "forever" and "ever" and this evokes the image of a wonderful eternal life, that would have existed if it hadnt been for war. The narrator uses several similes that give a poetic feeling to the paragraph. The narrator says "As a green meadow" and "as fragrant flowers". These similes show us how much the narrator feels happy when he remembers or talks about the past, or about the pre-war period. In our minds this beautiful world of eternal and unchanged love is juxtaposed with the ugly reality of Kien alone in his room. The passage moves from describing Kien's longing for a miracle to a dream he has. This shift reflects a change in his outlook from an impossible hope to deep despair. "Would be a miracle", "would be untainted" and "would be untouched, unchanged". The repetition of the word "would" gives us an image of a hypothetical possibility. In contrast, Kien's dream is an experience he relives at night when he says "spreading before him were the past forty years". It is clear that Kien has changed from dreaming about a beautiful unchanged past to reliving it at night. The narrator clearly shows to us the sorrows of war through the images he creates in our minds. He uses the words "death", "destruction" and "war" while talking about

How Economists Define the Revelation Principle

How Economists Define the Revelation Principle The revelation principle  of economics is that truth-telling, direct revelation mechanisms can generally be designed to achieve the Bayesian Nash equilibrium outcome of other mechanisms; this can be proven in a large category of mechanism design cases. Put into other words, the revelation principle holds that there is a payoff-equivalent revelation mechanism that possesses an equilibrium in which players truthfully report their types to any Bayesian game. Game Theory: Bayesian Games and Nash Equilibrium A Bayesian game has the most relevance in the study of economic game theory, which is essentially the study of strategic decision-making. A Bayesian game in one in which the information about the characteristics of the players, otherwise known as the players payoffs, is incomplete. This incompleteness of information means that in a Bayesian game, at least one of the players is uncertain of the type of another player or players. In a non-Bayesian game, a strategic model is considered an if every strategy in that profile is the best response or the strategy that produces the most favorable outcome, to every other strategy in the profile. Or in other words, a strategic model is considered a Nash equilibrium if there exists no other strategy that a player could employ that would produce a better payoff given all the strategies are chosen by the other players. A Bayesian Nash equilibrium, then, extends the principles of the Nash equilibrium to the context of a Bayesian game which has incomplete information. In a Bayesian game, Bayesian Nash equilibrium is found when each type of player employs a strategy that maximizes the expected payoff given the actions of all the types of other players and that players beliefs about the types of the other players. Lets see how the revelation principle plays into these concepts. Revelation Principle in Bayesian Modelling The revelation principle is relevant to a modeling (that is, theoretical) context when there exists: two players (usually firms)a third party (usually the government) managing a mechanism to achieve a desirable social outcomeincomplete information (in particular, the players have types that are hidden from the other player and from the government) Generally, a direct revelation mechanism (in which telling the truth is a Nash equilibrium outcome) can be proven to exist and be equivalent to any other mechanism available to the government. In this context, a direct revelation mechanism is one in which the strategies are just the types a player can reveal about himself. And is it the fact that this outcome can exist and be equivalent to other mechanisms that comprise  the revelation principle. The revelation principle is used most often to prove something about the whole class of mechanism equilibria, by selecting the simple direct revelation mechanism, proving a result about that, and applying the revelation principle to assert that the result is true for all mechanisms in that context.

Offshoring (Offshore Outsourcing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Offshoring (Offshore Outsourcing) - Essay Example Offshoring is gaining popularity because it allows organization to reduce their costs, develop an extended market reach, and improve efficiency and productivity of work at the same time (Masciarelli, 2011). Successfully implementing offshoring is a challenging task. It requires careful planning and monitoring. The first step is to plan which functions to outsource. This includes planning of critical functions, skill transfer and scalability. The next step is to evaluate a cost-benefit analysis. This is done to evaluate whether the benefits of the operation will outweigh the costs. Only is the benefits outweigh the costs, the next step should be taken. The next step is developing a project management team which would be responsible for the offshoring process. This includes the planning process, setting the timetable and hiring the necessary personnel for the job (Neelankavil and Rai, 2009). According to Ilan (2011) successful offshoring is dependent on finding the right model for opening up business operations in a different country. The most likely destination for offshoring activities today is China which offers a variety of incentives to businesses around the world including cheap labor and good

The rights and obligations of parties involved in marine salvage under Essay

The rights and obligations of parties involved in marine salvage under the admiralty law - Essay Example The oil ship Rusty Floater was moored alongside Old Bucket in the process of feeding oil to the latter when a gale blew and,though moderate,was enough to break the forward quay moorings of Old Bucket.It came so sudden that there was no time to disconnect the oil supply pipeline. Old Bucket broke free from the oil feeder ship and proceeded to drift into port, threatening to collide with other vessels anchored at the marina. At this, the crew of a tugboat in the area sprung into action. The tugboat master, who is experienced in oil spill control at sea, concentrated on Rusty Floater and helped disconnect its oil pipeline properly, while his crew cast tow ropes at Old Bucket to hold her steady. The operation succeeded such that Old Bucket did not harm other vessels and the oil feeder ship Rusty Floater was prevented from spilling bunker oil into the sea. When the danger was over, the tug towed Old Bucket to another berth, while the master of Rusty Floater signed an LOF 2000 agreement wi th a SCOPIC clause with the tugboat owner.In signing the LOF (Lloyd's Open Forum) 2000 contract with a SCOPIC clause, the owners of Rusty Floater basically signified their agreement to provide an award to the tug for the salvage of their vessel. As a form of salvage contract, LOF 2000 defines the services rendered by the rescuer and the rights and obligations of the parties, such as what proportion of the salved values of the vessel would be awarded. In the instant case, the LOF 2000 contract probably specified the parties' agreement that the salvage operation was a low-value case that nonetheless became critical because of the threat to the environment (Bishop, 2000). The addition of the SCOPIC clause in the contract indicates the parties' agreement to an amount of award appropriate to this "low-value" threat. The SCOPIC clause in the LOF 2000 contract also means that the parties agreed to a two-tier remuneration system: full tariff rates if all the tug's salvage equipment were rea sonably engaged or used at some stage of the operation, but only 50 percent if these equipment were mobilised but not used. In effect, the signing of LOF 2000 with a SCOPIC clause between the masters of Rusty Floater and the tug guarantees a successful salvage claim against the oil feeder ship. There was no mention if the owners of Old Bucket signed the same agreement but if they did, the tug owner is due for two potentially successful salvage claims against both Rusty Floater and Old Bucket. The salvage claim against Old Bucket derives its strength from admiralty law provisions dictating that there is such a claim if a vessel requires assistance as result of an incident to try to minimize the extent of its losses and, in this case, prevent a possible collision with other moored vessels. From the oil carrier Rusty Floater, the tug owner deserves an even higher salvage award because his action served to prevent pollution and damage to the

East of Eden Essay Example for Free

East of Eden Essay In John Steinbeck’s novel, East of Eden, the deprivation of a sound conscience is a theme that is associated with Cathy Ames, and afflicts the people around her. The author uses foreshadowing to portray the future of Cathy and her multiple victims. By doing so, the author builds onto the characterization of Cathy, revealing how truly malevolent she is. From birth, Cathy is foreshadowed to develop into something monstrous. The author claims that he â€Å"believe(s) there are monsters born in the world to human parents† (72). Even though she has not been physically presented to the reader yet, Cathy is about to be portrayed as the main evil in this novel. This prelude to Cathy’s characterization foreshadows the evil that will come with her presence. Cathy’s reign of terror begins when she burns her own house down, and â€Å"the frightened talk ran through the town that the whole Ames family had burned† (87). This action corresponds to the foreshadowing presented by the author’s description of monsters being born to human parents. By committing such an inhumane act, the reader gains the knowledge that Cathy has no conscience. Cathy’s tirade did not end there, and after giving birth to Adam, and possibly Charles’, babies and trying to leave him, â€Å"she shot at him. The heavy slug struck him in the shoulder and flattened and tore out a piece of his shoulder blade† (202). Cathy’s ability to kill the father of her children without even considering the severity of her actions shows how much of a monster Cathy truly is. The actions performed by Cathy at such an early stage in the story only foreshadows to the reader that she has not yet ended her path of destruction. Cathy’s inner evil is revealed at birth, and, at a young age, she discovers that she holds powers that can be used to manipulate others. From birth Cathy is foreshadowed to be pure evil, and she â€Å"learned when she was very young that sexuality with all its attendant yearnings and pains, jealousies and taboos, is the most disturbing impulse humans have† (75). It is disturbing that Cathy realizes her sexual capabilities at such a young age. The way Cathy’s thought process is presented, it can be seen that Cathy plans to abuse her powers, foreshadowing conflicts to arise in the future. It did not take long for Cathy to utilize her powers, and â€Å"at ten Cathy knew something of the power of the sex impulse and began coldly to experiment with it† (75). Cathy’s ‘experimentation’ with sexual power at such a young age helps further depict her as a malevolent being with no conscience. The fact that she begins abbling in sexual activities, at an age where most don’t even know what sex is, foreshadows that there can only be trouble to come from involvement with Cathy. Years pass and, as foreshadowed, Cathy becomes a major contributor to her local brothel. When speaking of her regular customers with the brothel’s owner, Faye, Cathy tells her to â€Å"look at the heel marks on their groins†¦ I’ve got the sweetest set of razors all in a case† (236). Cathy has been secretly sodomizing and extorting extra money from her regulars, showing she is not content with the amount of control she already possesses. Her actions foreshadow that Cathy’s search for power is never ending, foreshadowing she will continue her malicious acts until someone is capable of stopping her. At birth Cathy is depicted to be monstrous, which is proven true by the actions she displays while growing as a child. The realization of the many powers she possesses are developed and abused by Cathy, showing she disregards all others well being in her search for total control. Such actions can only be performed by those who have no sound conscience, and have no fear of the consequences posed by society.

Mediocrity of Teacher Recruitment Essay -- Teachers Education Employme

Mediocrity of Teacher Recruitment Some teachers are better than others. This is a simple and, I hope, obvious fact. But the culture of American schools is not friendly to it. Particularly in our hiring of public school teachers, we tend to avoid notions of serious discernment, of picking the very best in our society to become our teachers, and we accept that the most talented of our young people will gravitate to other fields. Overcoming this acceptance of mediocrity in teacher recruitment and retention represents the greatest opportunity to bring a quantum improvement to our schools. To focus on the elite among new teaching recruits as a matter of method is, in fact, the radically democratic way to give our society's most valuable resources to our poorest and neediest children. That simple fact should trump any concerns about the ill effects of meritocracy on job applicants. The work of educators is to educate young people. So long as we have the courage to make the very best possible experience for those young people our highest goal, we must attend to fairness for teachers only after we have attended to excellence for our students. And we have yet to do that right. Today, the best teachers in many schools are in a way the dissidents, the people who stand out, who attract criticism as well as praise for being remarkable educators, and they resist a strong pull toward mediocrity in the professional culture of too many schools. We must recognize that this is a problem, and we must fix it. The solution is not difficult to imagine. New teachers must come to know that there is an early-career, merit-based threshold to cross, similar to what doctors, lawyers, and many business professionals face in their first few years of professional work. If we can make this a reality, the most talented and most effective among them will be able to earn their place in a truly elite, dedicated corps of teachers. We will keep the very best of the new teacher recruits, and we'll attract large numbers of people in other professions who today don't sign on to become teachers because they believe that American schools haven't fostered a culture of achievement and haven't been able to make the profession of teacher as respected or respectable as many other professions. In many school systems today, new teachers are, officially, on some kind of probation for a period... ...s job security. A district that wants to fire a tenured teacher must typically undergo a lengthy process of hearings and appeals. One purpose of tenure laws is to protect teachers from being dismissed because of political or personal views. Opponents, however, argue that tenure makes it difficult for districts to fire unqualified teachers. On a similar front, several studies are also now being conducted to examine ways to dramatically overhaul the entire teacher-compensation system--not just change a bit of it here or there. Undeniably, much remains to be done. A major report issued in September by the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future offered a scathing indictment of current practices, including inadequate teacher education, bureaucratic hiring procedures, and the placement of unqualified teachers in classrooms. The report set the price tag for remedying these problems within a decade at nearly $5 billion a year in new federal, state, and local money which should be spent on upgrading teacher education, subsidizing people to teach in high-need fields and locations, reforming the licensing and induction process, and better professional development.

College Essay (Soccer)

As a senior, my team and I take our first step onto the turf field; we go on as a family that is striving to bring home the cup. This is my first, yet last chance to do this. The heat from the turf moves through my cleats and onto my feet. The intensity of the sun is shining straight down on me and the sweat is just beginning to start. Then my mind rewinds back to those few words that crushed me terribly last year coming from the varsity soccer coach, â€Å"I think it’d be best if you played on junior varsity this season. I spent countless nights being angry that I did not make varsity and I felt somewhat like a loser because I was a junior playing on the JV team. After a few weeks, I figured it was pointless to feel pity for myself and decided that I was going to show everyone how great I could be. Soccer has been my addiction since I was five and nothing could ever replace the desire for it. My father taught me the rules and coached me; I was set on making sure I knew every aspect of the game, attempting to perfect every skill. I was in complete disbelief when I was not put on the varsity squad, I thought I was good.I knew I had to get better because there is always room for progress. My first step was to improve my physical condition by running and lifting. Running was something that I dreaded to do every day, but knew it was so vital to do. I absolutely despised running, every time I wanted to stop I would just think, â€Å"A starter wouldn’t stop running until they’ve reached the end†. Lifting weights was an activity that I found enjoyable and did not mind doing. Besides exercising, I spent numerous hours working on my ball skills; juggling, controlling, and passing everything a starting player should be precise at.Finally, after many long months, my hard work had paid off. During tryouts I showed everyone that I was a zealous and determined player, taking practice serious and hustling for every drill. The varsity coach awarded me with a starting position for the team my senior year. My determined work ethic, initiative and discipline helped me to get where I am now. To this day I continue to work hard at every practice, even though I am starter. Slacking off is not an option for me. I have applied this lesson to many areas in my life including school work, sports and volunteer work. I am not a quitter and am never satisfied until I achieve my goals.

My IB chemistry research project Essay

Molecular gastronomy is often thought about in the way of cooking in terms of chemical transformations within food. The real meaning behind molecular gastronomy is a practiced cooking method used both scientists and food professionals that study the physical and chemical processes that occur while cooking. [Feast for the Eyes] Molecular gastronomy seeks to investigate and explain the chemical reasons behind the transformation of ingredients, as well as the social, artistic and technical components of culinary. [Food for Tomorrow?] By studying this topic, it can be applied to the real world, by the means of the whole process of preparing, eating, sensing, and enjoying food involves tremendously on complex chemistry, physics, and biochemistry. Within the lab, I’ll perform control experiments. To complete this experiment, I will cook several versions of the same dish with slight variations, followed by a blind tasting to see if the variations are significant. My IB chemistry IRP will be laid out in this EDD form. Introduction- Research Question: Can we devise new cooking methods that produce unusual and improved results on the texture and flavor of food? * Application Statement: The purpose of this experiment is to determine new culinary technique to create a new and uncommon and enhanced outcome to food. The whole process of preparing, eating, sensing, and enjoying food involves tremendously complex chemistry, physics, and biochemistry. For years, a new culinary trend called ‘molecular cooking’ has been touted as the most exciting development in haute cuisine. [Culinate – Eat to Your Ideal] Molecular Gastronomy will be the change to how we perceive food to our taste buds, and how it will affect the mood we’re in. [Kitchen Chemistry] * Hypothesis: If we are trying to change a main ingredient and the way we cook the dish in a very appetizing dish by adding a new or odd element and new culinary catering skill, then I think that the flavor and texture of the dish made with the new cooking ingredient/cooking method will taste better then the original and have a positive effect on the mood of the taste tester. * Independent Variable (I.V.): The main ingredient of a dish and food preparation process * Dependent Variable (D.V.): The effect of the finished cuisine has on the tester, and how the texture/flavor have changed from the original dish. * Constants (C.V.): * * Same cooking Pan * Same Food products * All the same utensils * For the olives: * 1/2 cup oil-cured black olives, pitted and finely chopped * 1 tablespoon agave nectar, or light maple syrup * 1 teaspoon sugar * Salt * For the fennel: * 1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil * 2 tablespoons butter * Blind Fold * 1 large bulb fennel, trimmed and cut lengthwise into 8 pieces with the core intact * Salt and freshly ground black pepper * Cup dry white wine * 2 to 3 cups chicken broth * 1 teaspoons honey * 20 raisins * For the snapper: 4 (6-ounce) skin-on red snapper fillets, deboned * Salt * 2 tablespoons grapeseed oil * Passion-fruit vinegar (optional). * Beef * Variety of veggies * Procedure: 1. Preheat oven to 200 degrees. On a parchment-lined baking sheet, stir together the olives, agave nectar, sugar and a pinch of salt. Cook for 1 hour, stirring every 15 minutes. (They will be sticky.) Let cool. They can be stored in a cool, dry place for several days. 2. Place the oil and butter in a medium-size heavy saucepan set over medium-high heat. Once the butter starts to brown, add the fennel. Season with salt and pepper. Cook until the fennel begins to color around the edges, 2 to 3 minutes. 3. Add the wine, bring to a boil and let reduce by half. Pour in at least 2 cups chicken broth to almost cover the fennel. Stir in the honey and raisins. Bring to a boil over high heat, then lower the heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, until the tip of a paring knife easily pierces the core of the fennel, 20 to 25 minutes. Season the broth and fennel with salt to taste. 4. When ready to serve, generously season the fish on all sides with salt. Pour the oil in a large nonstick skillet set over high heat. When the oil is hot, add a piece of fish, skin-side down, pressing on the flesh with a fish spatula for the first few seconds to keep it from curling. Repeat with the remaining pieces. Cook until the edges of the skin are golden and three-fourths of the flesh turns opaque, 4 to 5 minutes. Flip and cook for an additional 1 to 3 minutes. Transfer to a plate lined with a paper towel. 5. To serve, place two pieces of fennel, 2 to 3 tablespoons of the braising liquid and a few raisins in the center of a shallow bowl. Lay the fish, skin-side up, against the fennel and place about 1 tablespoon of the candied olives on top. If desired, drizzle the edge of the plate with a few drops of passion-fruit vinegar. 6. Repeat steps two through nine as trial two and three, but with the ingredient of beef and veggies, instead of red snapper. 7. Have tester be blindfolded and have them taste the variety of food after each trial, and record data. 8. Once done clean up area and dispose of dirty ingredients/ package up non-used food. Data Collecting & Processing- Data Table: Flavor of the dish before and after cooking on scale of Bad (1) to excellent (10). Testers Trial 1 (Fish) Before After Trial 2 (Beef) Before After Trial 3 (Veggies) Before After Texture Test Before and after the cooking on scale of soft (1)- rough (10). Testers Trial 1 Before After Trial 2 Before After Trial 3 Before After Qualitative Data: Quantitative Data: Conclusion & Evaluation: Since I will complete this experiment, I hopefully will be able to conclude and make a distinct correlation on how ingredients are changed by different cooking methods, how all the senses play their own roles in our appreciation of food, how cooking methods affect the eventual flavor and texture of food ingredients, how new cooking methods might produce improved results of texture and flavor, how our enjoyment of food is affected by other influences, our environment, our mood, how it is presented, who prepares it. Work Cited Barham, Peter. â€Å"Kitchen Chemistry: Taste and Flavour Facts – Feature – Discovery Channel.† Discovery Channel International. Web. 13 Oct. 2010. . Crain, Liz. â€Å"Edible Experiments – A Norwegian Blogger Goes Molecular :: by Liz Crain :: Culinate.† Culinate – Eat to Your Ideal. 9 Aug. 2007. Web. 14 Nov. 2010. . Goldberg, Elyssa. â€Å"Feast for the Eyes: Molecular Gastronomy Puts Chemistry to Work in the Kitchen.† Columbia Daily Spectator | News, Sports, and Entertainment Coverage for Morningside Heights. Web. 14 Dec. 2010. . MUHLKE, CHRISTINE. â€Å"Too Cool for School.† New York Times. 30 Sept. 2007. Web. 12 Sept. 2010. . This, Hervà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. â€Å"Food for Tomorrow? : Article : EMBO Reports.† Nature Publishing Group : Science Journals, Jobs, and Information. July-Aug. 1999. Web. 10 Oct. 2010. .

Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essays

Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essays Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essay Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essay Essay Topic: Othello Response to Othello, The Moor of Venice The 1995 movie Othello is a motion picture of Shakespeares famous play Othello, The Moor of Venice. Prior to watching the film, we had read the original Shakespearean play. There were several components I found interesting in the play. For instance, I realized that the written play and the film did not differ greatly. Also, I had discovered some peculiar features about some of the characters, especially Iago and Othello. The written play, Othello, was definitely well put together and overall amazing. As as the movie. What amazed me the most, however, was the fact that the play and the movie were consistent. I am very accustomed to plays and written works of art being altered when transformed into a film production. This play and movie had remained surprisingly similar. For example, when the play begins, Rodrigo and Iago are discussing matters about Desdemona and her new husband. This is the exact way that the movie had begun as well. Although I know a few actions were altered, such as the scene when Desdemona drops her handkerchief, the changed scenes are ot at all significant changes, instead they were very subtle. This took me by surprise. Many books I have read as a child were altered so much when its corresponding movie came out. The possible reason why the movie and play remained consistent must be, in my opinion, that the Shakespeares plays were already amazing works of art that any alterations can really change the affect the play has on people. As I had mentioned, Shakespeare had a wonderful talent of creating such artistic literary works of art. One of the strongest elements, in my opinion, of Othello was the way hat Shakespeare had created his characters, particularly Iago and Othello. Iago is very mysterious villan. He plots against Desdemona and her husband Othello throughout the entire movie. For instance, he begins convincing Othello that his wife, Desdemona, has been cheating on him with Cassio, all supposedly for Rodrigo. In the end, after all of the drama and plotting people against others, all of these characters as well as lagds wife end up dead. This was all lagds fault. It is not very clear why he had these intentions. The only explanation is that he is a psychopath. From what I had observed, Iago has no motives to create all of this destruction. It seems as if he just wanted to play. Also, he did not feel any bit guilty or remorseful of his actions. This took me by surprise because Iago really turned out to be such a cold hearted character. I understand that Iago is a terrible manipulative and cold hearted person, however for some reason, I was still shocked at the end of movie when Iago killed his own wife, Emilia. I thought that although he has close to no feelings, he would atleast e a little bit charismatic towards his own wife. It really was emotional to watch. I also wanted to comment on Othellos character. Othello is a strong and older black male that has had such high rankings and was able to wed the woman of his dreams, the fair Desdemona. The most interesting thing to me was that this man was actually really insecure. He should not be so insecure and unsure about himself if he remembers who is. I understand why he may be a bit insecure about his wife wife had been seeing Cassio. Instead of discussing this matter with his wife and Cassio, he instead believed Iago and ordered that Cassio be killed and then proceeded to kill his wife as well for cheating on him. I Just think that if he had been less insecure about the situation and tried to find out the truth, he would have realized that the only person whom had betrayed him was the one and only Iago. These two characters are a work of art. The reason why I say this is because if Shakespeare hadnt created such dramatic characters that possess these personalities, this amazing plot would not exist.

How Making My Book Available in Print Landed It In The Guardian

How Making My Book Available in Print Landed It In The Guardian How Making My Book Available in Print Landed It In "The Guardian" When Katja Meier set out to write  about the joys and challenges she encountered when running a refugee home in Tuscany, she had only planned to publish an ebook. Little did she know, her memoir had other (bigger) plans, that hinged on being available in print as well. This is how she found herself desperately searching for a typesetting solution in the middle of the night, with a launch date looming... Saved by the Reedsy Book EditorI discovered the Reedsy Book Editor late one night when desperately raking the internet for a solution to my haphazard typesetting attempt. I signed up for a free account immediately, started to upload the 23 chapters of my manuscript at midnight, and by 2 AM, I downloaded the print-ready PDF.It looked great but had one issue I couldn’t sort out myself: Across the Big Blue Sea includes an excerpt of a research article which focuses on little-known facts linked to human trafficking in Europe. I had the author’s permission to include the text but only if it was formatted differently from the rest of the book. Since the excerpt is several pages long, simply putting it in cursive wouldn’t do.I sent Reedsy an email at 3 AM, trying hard to come across as a calm, seasoned professional (and not as the freaked-out, first-time author who had set herself the wrong launch date). In the morning, I woke up to a message from Matt Cobb (Reedsy co-f ounder and designer), who promised to investigate the issue. And that very same week, I received a new version of my manuscript with the excerpt beautifully set apart in a sans-serif font and the comforting knowledge that I’d be able to make my launch date.From self-published memoir to Guardian â€Å"best summer book†Some things you can plan, others you can’t. I had sent an email to The Guardian’s book-reviewing team a couple of months before the book was published. Not surprisingly, especially for an indie author, I never heard back.Luckily, a few months earlier I had taken marketing advice from Jesse Finkelstein of pagetwostrategies.com and written to some of my favorite authors asking for endorsements. This is not an easy thing to do - it takes courage to ask time from authors who are probably already flooded with similar requests. But it's well worth asking, especially if you feel the author might be truly interested in the topic of your book.By seem ing-providence, at the same time that The Guardian wasn’t getting back to me, one of the writers I had contacted for endorsements wrote back and said she’d be happy to receive a copy (and four more followed suit!). Taiye Selasi, author of the wonderful Ghana Must Go, didn’t just write an insightful endorsement for me to use, she also remembered Across the Big Blue Sea when The Guardian asked her for her favorite books of the summer. And unknown to me, Taiye had already mentioned my book a few months before in The Guardian’s â€Å"Books That Made Me† series.I got lucky twice, and I’m afraid I’ll have to contradict Louis Pasteur’s famous quote here: it turns out that chance doesn’t just favor the prepared mind, it also favors the well-prepared book and the courageous author. (Hell, it takes guts to contact your favorite writers for endorsements)!Print is far from deadFrom the day the book was first published in February 20 17, I have been selling more print books than ebooks. I wouldn’t want to miss out on the ebook version - after all, I care about people who live in forlorn places without a reliable postal service. But my sales would look dire if it wasn’t for the print edition. Whatever retailer I look at, the paperback fares better.And when I meet the American students whose universities use Across the Big Blue Sea as a textbook for their study abroad programs in Italy, I’m each time surprised and honored anew that they travel with a print copy in their backpacks.Back to the Reedsy Book Editor once moreWith Italian and German translations in the pipeline, I’ll be back for a few night-time dates with the Reedsy Book Editor early next year (beware Matt, more desperate 3 AM emails coming your way). But being able to easily update my book proved useful and necessary for the already-published English edition too. I already updated the manuscript once to add two pages of end orsements at the beginning of the book. And while we’re working on the film adaptation of Across the Big Blue Sea, I’m planning to keep readers jour of the progress there too.But being able to amend the manuscript doesn’t just mean I can shamelessly brag about film rights and cool reviews in The Guardian: more importantly, I can update the information on how to support the migrant women mentioned in my book. And that is, after all, why I sat down to write it in the first place.How has publishing print copies of your book affected your publishing experience? Leave any thoughts or questions for Katja in the comments below!

Human Behavior Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Behavior - Annotated Bibliography Example In addition, the author explores the human knowledge of the elements of the universe, such as the moon, the stars, the earth and their movements, and concludes by asserting that God is the true center of the universe. This assertion skews all human observation and perception of the universe, which is based on imperfect and partial knowledge. Furthermore, this aspect of God being the center of the universe has created calculation problems, since in calculating the position of planets, stars and other celestial bodies, a stationary point has to be chosen as the reference point. The fact that God is the center is necessary for an understanding that we need not to know the exact center and cause of movements within the universe. In this essay, Hume emphasizes his sympathy-based moral sentimentalism by asserting that humans can never make moral judgments by reason alone (1036). This assumption is contrary to moral rationalism which holds an otherwise position. Reasons is concerned with facts and draws its conclusions from these facts, but when all facts are equal it does not lead to the option of choosing one decision over another; rather its sentiment that does this. In this essay Hume asserts that sentiment determines morality and defines virtue as whatever mental quality or action that gives the spectator a pleasing sentiment of approval (1036). Hume further asserts that sympathy-based sentiments often motivate people towards the pursuit of non-selfish ends, for example, the utility of their fellows. Sympathy has been viewed as the principle of communicating and sharing sentiments, both negative and positive ones. Finally, this essay illustrates that the basis of virtue is utility to others rather than in God-given reason. To put it in a nutshell, this essay totally rejects Christian morality and the voluntary aspect of morality. In this essay, Edwards asserts that a man freely chooses whatever appears right and good to him,

Reflective writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reflective writing - Essay Example In this paper, I have reflected upon my experience of participating in two group exercises with given situations and time frames; the cave rescue activity, and the recruitment exercise activity. I have also discussed how the activities helped me develop as a group member. Background of the report I was involved in two group exercises; in the first exercise that was a cave rescue exercise, there were six group members in total whereas in the second exercise, which was a recruitment exercise activity, there were seven group members. For both exercises, we were given certain characters and certain situations and the exercises were supposed to be executed in a limited time frame. The group members were given a chance to take notes after the completion of each exercise, using which, they would write the reflective accounts later. Theories John Burton’s Human Needs Model John Burton argues that denial of the fundamental needs of security, equal participation, identity, and recogniti on of an individual in a group makes the protracted conflict inevitable. Resolution of such conflicts necessitates the identification of the needs that are not being addressed and restructuring of the roles of the group members in such a way that needs of all are met (Dixit, 2004). Tuckman’s Teamwork Theory Tuckman proposed a model that recognizes the fact that groups are not functional or fully-formed when they form. The groups propagate through a set of defined stages namely forming, storming, norming, and performing, and gradually become task-focused. The following graph illustrates Tuckman’s teamwork theory by showing the link between task focus and group relationships. In any group activity, the optimal productivity is reached after development of the relationships among the group members. â€Å"The 4 Phases of Tuckman’s Teamwork Theory† (The Happy Manager, 2012a). STAR Team Model The STAR team model suggests that in order to optimize the groupâ€⠄¢s productivity, the group leader should place equal emphasis on the development of the group members’ strengths and the development of good relationships among them. The STAR team model provides content and substance to the situation, conditions, and stages of teamwork as shown in the figure below: STAR Team Model (The Happy Manager, 2012b). Analysis One thing that I learnt from the exercises was that there were more conflicts happening in the start than near the end of the exercises. The fundamental reason behind this was that the group members had started to understand one another’s personalities and behaviors and their adaptability had increased. â€Å"Research in human team performance suggests that experienced teams develop a shared understanding or shared mental model utilized to coordinate behaviors by anticipating and predicting each others needs and adapting to task demands† (Sycara and Sukthankar, 2006, p. 2). All models discussed in this paper inclu ding John Burton’s Human Needs Model, Tuckman’s Teamwork Theory, and the STAR Team Model commonly emphasize on the development of relationships among the group members as a pre-requisite of achieving optimal productivity in the group exercises, though the development of group members’ skills as well as their relationships requires time. â€Å"Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success† (Henry Ford cited in Zuck, 1997, p. 375). Teamwork helps people understand one another in the best way. By the team we were done with both the exercises, we had not only finished our tasks but had also known one another much better than we did before. A very useful learning that I gained in this exercise was how to resolve conflicts. I have learnt that it is primarily one’s preferences that determine the extent to which one would be able to execute

Ethics discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics discussion board - Assignment Example However, the use of harsh actions towards her, in order to extract confessions needs justification. Although it is painful to torture for information, it is the responsibility for every citizen to maintain peace by doing what is necessary for saving lives. The moral value of certain steps should be determined by happiness and utility that can be created. By bringing the terrorist’s daughter into a room, and holding the flame against her skin, the conscience of the terrorist will come to fore and this assist in the interrogation process as the terrorist would not just look at her torture. As a result of this torture, he will give all the information about the bomb and even future attacks. There is no reason to why torture should not be used in such a case of a terrorist. Information extracted from him would help people act in a morally upright way and save lives of other people. It is necessary to maintain and create happiness among the citizens, rather than happiness for a person. Torturing would make the country a peaceful

The History Of The Blues Harmonica Music Essay

The History Of The Blues Harmonica Music Essay The harmonica is a free reed instrument; this means that sound is generated as air flows past a thin strip of material and makes it vibrate producing sound. Air pressure is usually generated by breathing or blowing into a hole, cane or pipe. The air flows over one side of the reed, creating an area of low pressure and causing the reed to flex towards the opposite side. The frame enclosing the reed is built so that when it flexes it blocks the air flow, reducing the low pressure area and allowing the reed to bend back. The harmonica is known to have different names like the Gob Iron, the Tin Sandwich, the Mouth Organ but most commonly the harp, probably because of its mechanism being so similar to the Jews harp, which consists of a single reed mounted on a frame that is plucked to create a note that resonates in the players mouth. The first free reed instruments were invented in the Ancient Far East and were not known in the West until quite recently. Among these ancient instruments there is the khaen of Laos; which consists of various pipes bound together in a set of rows, very much like a pan pipe, or the shÄâ€Å"ng of China and the shÃ…Â  of Japan, which are more of a group of tubes, traditionally inserted into a hollow dried fruit like a gourd, which nowadays is made of steel. (see Illustration x) These traditional instruments have survived to modern times and are currently used in social music and courtship rituals, and the sheng is still one of the instruments used in Chinese opera. The metal free reeds system used in the khaen and sheng is thought to be the ancestor of the reeds used in harmonicas in the present. The shÄâ€Å"ng was brought to Russia at the end of the 18th century. It seems it inspired a lot of devices in the early 19th century, which was the foundation for the development of the more modern free reeds. A Czech organ builder named Franz Kirschnek fashioned a new kind of free reed to be used in organ pipes. He might have just adapted an earlier model of free reed or he actually come up with the idea completely independently. Harmonicas, as we know them today When we talk about the harmonica as we know it today, it is hard to determine exactly who the inventor was. There were no factories at the time, and it was a case of individual artisans who were trying out new ideas. At the time, many people tried to construct instruments with free reeds in Vienna, Paris, London, and America, so its not clear who might have been the first but credit does go to a young German by the name of Friedrich Buschmann, who later on was also known to invent the concertina. He was a clockmaker, and around 1816 he devised an object used as a piano tuner and called it mundaeoline, which is German means mouth harp. What can be determined is that one of the oldest artisans to make harmonicas was Christian Messner. Around the late 1820s he got one of these little harmonicas from Vienna, thought it was an interesting instrument, repaired it and awoke an interest in his colleagues, who asked him to make them one too. He saw it could become a lucrative business and became the first harmonica maker in South-West Germany. At this point it was only possible to blow into harmonicas; it was later, around 1847 when Johannes Richter added a secondary draw reed plate under the blow plate. From 1840, Messners nephew Christian Weiss decided to set up his own small company and began to work on his own designs. In 1857, another young clockmaker named Matthias Hohner bought and managed to copy one of Buschmanns creations. With this and a bit of espionage from the Weiss Harmonica Company he managed to introduce his own design. He gave the instrument a nicer look, ornamenting its cover plates and displaying his brand name. He was a talented salesman and businessman. He improved production and bought out his competitors. By the 1870s, mass production began at the Hohner Company and they started an aggressive overseas marketing campaign; the harmonica now looked very much like the ones we know today. The American civil war made the harmonica very popular in the USA. Hohner had already sent harmonicas over and the soldiers found it easy to play and carry. Within a comparatively short space of time, the Hohner Company was shipping millions of Richter Marine Band harmonicas to America every year. Around the 1900s, half of the harmonicas made in Germany were sold to the United States. In the 1920s, Hohner was making over 50 million harmonicas every year, and distributing them all over the world. From then on they have been the leading harmonica company. Up until then, harmonicas could only be played in a major scale (or natural minor), so by blowing naturally, you could not get any half steps or sharps and flats. For example, a C Major scale would be: C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C and that would be the C Diatonic harmonica. It would be like only playing the white keys on a piano. Hohner then decided to develop a chromatic harmonica that could play all 12 notes of a scale, making it a very versatile instrument which is used for music which requires a great variety of notes. It is specially used in jazz, pop and of course classical music. Although it allows the possibility to play any scale, in any key, it cant bend notes very well so the player cant really achieve a bluesy kind of sound as well as on the diatonic (bluesy sound explained further). In the Seydel Factory in Saxony, they still use the original machines that were used 130 years ago to make their harmonicas and although the parts are mass produced they must still be assembled by hand, someone at some point in the line of production must check and fine tune the harmonica manually. Special small plates and files are used to make precise adjustments to the reeds and it is a task that cannot be undertaken mechanically; every reed must be tuned by hand. The harmonica is one of the most portable instruments; it fits in any pocket or bag and is easy to carry around. There are endless stories about how harmonicas saved lives; from stopping bullets by being in the soldiers uniform in the right place at the right time, to other stories of many musicians that made a living out of playing it. It is a close and intimate instrument, and very personal as players wouldnt let other people play their harmonica (especially for hygienic reasons). Companion of isolated men, from prisoners, soldiers and shepherds to astronauts, as it was the first musical instrument in outer space. On a Gemini space flight in December 1965, astronaut Wally Schirra reported an unidentified flying object in a polar orbit, We have an object, looks like a satellite going from north to south, probably in polar orbit. Looks like he might be going to re-enter soon. You just might let me pick up that thing. I see a command module and eight smaller modules in front. The pilot of the command module is wearing a red suit and then played Jingle Bells on a four hole, eight-note Little Lady Hohner harmonica that he had managed to smuggle on board. It is an extraordinary little device, invented as a toy, considered a beautiful instrument and that has now been with us for over 150 years and will still go on for many more. How do harmonicas work? Parts and Mechanisms The harmonica was initially designed to be able to play various notes at the same time in combinations that were harmonic and made intuitive sense because they could automatically support melodious notes. By blowing and sucking the player can easily get the notes sounding right, without the need to work on getting the notes to sound clearly like on the guitar, it is a bit more like playing keys on the piano. Anyone can buy a good functional harmonica without having to spend a lot of money, and that is something you cant say about guitars or keyboards. Although usually out of the box harmonicas need a lot of fine tuning and customizing for advanced and professional playing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they are raw materials waiting to be formed in to a real instrument. Then again that also happens with most professional instruments. The basic mechanism is as explained in the previous section about free reed instruments. For the purpose of this analysis from now on when the harmonica is mentioned, it will be referring to the ten hole diatonic, the most commonly used harmonica for folk, rock and of course blues music. The diatonic harmonica consists of two cover plates, two reed plates and a comb (see illustration x). Cover plates cover the reed-plates and are usually made of metal. There are two types of cover plates: traditional stamped metal open designs like the Hohner Marine Band, and enclosed designs such as the Suzuki Promaster. The first are usually lighter and smaller than the enclosed ones which often are heavier but give out a louder tonal quality. The comb is the main body of the instrument. Its the central part of the harmonica and its what everything is bolted or nailed to. Its called a comb because it looks very much like a hair comb. As air goes though the harmonica, it usually carries saliva, so this inner structure must be made out of a type of material that can resist exposure to moisture and that way avoid expanding or smelling. Traditionally they are made from pear wood, although they can also be found made out of plastic or metal. There are two brass reed plates on a diatonic harmonica, each with 10 to 12 reeds riveted on to it. The reeds are shorter for the higher pitch, so the lower the note is, the longer the reed. The top plate is for the blow notes and the bottom is for the draw notes, so the reeds are facing the opposite direction. After a while reeds do go out of tune, and some notes might lose their brightness, they start to sound flat and inconsistent. That indicates the harmonica needs re-tuning. Although every hole in the harmonica can easily produce one note as the player blows air in to it, and one as he draws air, there are many more hidden notes that can be found by bending (a term used by guitarists, who actually bend the strings up or down to create a subtle change in the pitch) or overblowing. (see illustration Bendable Notes Chart) If while doing a draw note, the airflow is increased, the draw reed over-flexes and the air pressure causes the blow reed from the same hole to vibrate too, making a new note pop out, so basically you are drawing air through the blow reed. The best way to understand how air pressure is changed is by whistling and trying to change the pitch of the initial note. The changes your mouth, tongue and throat make are similar to the ones a harmonica player makes when he bends a note. Bending notes is a tough technique for beginner harmonica players and it is where the secret to getting a bluesy sound lies, because its the way to get the flat third, fifth and seventh; the blue notes. The Bluesy Sound The term the blues usually refers to melancholy and sadness and is constantly heard in lyrics to describe a depressed mood. Blues is a form of expression and a feeling that is brought to a musical form. In very technical words, the blues form is characterized by specific chord progressions also found in other genres like folk, jazz, and rock and roll. The twelve-bar blues chord progression is one of the most common, although there are others like the eight-bar, used in songs like Key to the highway, originally by Big Bill Broonzy, or the sixteen-bar as in Ray Charles Sweet 16 Bars or in Herby Hancocks Watermelon Man. The basic twelve-bar framework blues progression has a distinctive form in phrase and chord structure and duration. The structure is based on the Tonic, Subdominant and Dominant chords of the key. For example: A blues song in the key of C would have the following structure: Take the Tonic Subdominant Dominant chords and play them in the following order: T T T T | S S T T | D S T T So the chords for a blues tune in the key of C would be C, F and G and they would be played in the following order: C C C C | F F C C | G F C C Fitting the lyrics in this structure makes them sing very much like poetry sound when it is read out loud. The structure consists on an AAB pattern, consisting of a line being sung over the first four bars, in repetitions over the next four bars, and a longer finishing line over the last four bars. Using Robert Johnsons Sweet Home Chicago as a standard twelve bar Blues example for analysis, we find the following pattern: Bar 1 Bar 2 Bar 3 Bar 4 A Come on, Baby dont you want to go Bar 5 Bar 6 Bar 7 Bar 8 A I said, come on, Baby dont you want to go Bar 9 Bar 10 Bar 11 Bar 12 B To that same old place Sweet home Chicago This progression of chords is the basis of thousands other rock and pop songs that often have a blue sound even without using the traditional twelve-bar arrangement. The harmonica player has to be very aware of what key and chord the song is in, because he has to fit in that progression or the notes he plays would not sound right. He then also has to know very well when and where to fit in the blue notes that, for expressive reasons are played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd, explained further along) in relation to the pitch of the major scale. After all, the blues is a feeling and although it can be analysed technically as any other musical genre, to play it right it has to be felt. Like Muddy Watters puts it when youve got no bread and your love sick youve got the blues. And although people cant even begin to imagine slavery, working in the cotton fields, or being racially discriminated like it was in those days, they can still feel the romanticism of that feeling in a sense of a Im with them! support. The blues is not all just about playing the twelve-bar, like Mick Abrahams from Fleetwood Mac says in the documentary Blues Britannia Can Blue Men Sing the Whites, If you can play one note in the twelve-bar solo and make somebody cry or laugh, or all the lovely emotions that are associated with music, thats truly to me the blues its almost a prayer Nonetheless some blues artists also used the blues as a base for more comical, raunchy lyrics, such as Big Joe Turners Rebecca (Rebecca, Rebecca, get you big legs off me, Rebecca, Rebecca, get you big legs off me. It may be sending you baby, but its worrying the hell out of me) or Tampa Reds Tight Like That (There was a little black rooster met a little brown hen, made a date at the barn about a half past ten). What got the Harmonica in to blues? The main thing that got the harmonica into the blues was its inexpensivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which now is a thing of the past as Paul Jones lead singer and harmonica player for Manfred Mann, says in the documentary Tin Sandwich Anyone?, and it is because at the time they were an affordable instrument that the African Americans managed to popularise by introducing it to the blues. Little Walter was quoted saying When I started to play harmonicas, they were a dime! Now theyre a dollar and a half! Those people ought to remember who popularised them that way! The first harmonica recordings made around 1924 by many unknown musicians totally revolutionised the way the instrument was played, and gave way to the blues harmonica as we know it. The harmonica allowed for some very visceral, meaningful sounds that almost felt like wails of pain and sorrow. They almost felt like an extension from the voice and were definitely very expressive and profound close intimate instruments. It was amazing how such a small simple instrument was able to communicate so many things and create so many different effects. Harmonica players at the time discovered that it was possible to lower the pitch of some of the notes by changing the shape of the air space inside his mouth whilst playing: Bending. They also found that drawing instead of blowing, and not playing in the key of the harmonica, but in the key of the dominant 7th chord, they could create sounds that had nothing to do with the major-key folk for which the harmonica was originally intended: the Cross Harp. Train imitations and fox-chases, or many of the typical blues licks, would have been unimaginable without these two features. Bending is probably the first way the player starts hearing a bluesy sound coming from this little instrument. Bends are essential for blues and rock harmonica sound, due to the sad and soulful sound the instrument can draw out. That wailing and howling of the blues harmonica is achieved by bending. Playing the harmonica in the same key as the song is in would mean the player is in the first position or strait. He would be mostly using blow notes and it is the way he would get a melody, or more of a folk sound. The cross harp, or second position, consists on taking the harmonica in a different key from the song (being in the circle of fifths) and mostly playing draw notes. For example: Accompanying a guitarist playing a song in A, the harmonica player could play an A harmonica in first position, or a D harmonica in the second position. Both would fit in but the D harmonica would make it sound more bluesy than the A harmonica. The way the cross harp works is that there are only so many scales one can do on each harmonica. On a piano or a guitar all scales can be played from all keys on the same instrument, but on the harmonica the player has to change keys. This way draw notes can be played easier and so can the blue notes. Usually beginner harmonicas come with a cross harp chart in the box (see illustration. x), where you can see what key you have to be on to sound bluesy or melodic. Many other techniques can be also used in combination. Vibrato, commonly used with other instruments, can also be done on the harmonica. Vibrato, as the name indicates, gives the notes a vibrating sound. Usually it is made by contracting the muscles on the throat and varying the airflow. Another typical way to do it is by opening a closing your hands around the instrument freeing more or less air. Vibrato is a very common effect used by singers and other instruments. Thanks to the way the harmonica is constructed, it also allows the player to play chords. A chord is a set of two or more notes played together harmonically. By stretching the mouth over two, three or four holes and playing them together as one melodic note you can get chords on the harmonica. By playing chords the player can also get a vamping effect, which is achieved by alternating chords and single notes to accompany himself while playing a song. The idea of vamping is to fill in the silences in the melody with chords in the right beat. By keeping that beat going, the player can make it sound like two harmonicas are playing; one doing the chords and another one doing the melody. Little Walter and Sonny Terry were both known for great vamping in their tunes. Usually their sound was very rich and full and the harmonica sounded more powerful. The Blues Harmonica Blues Origins and Background The blues goes back to the 17th century, in the United States. Blues is defined as the folk genre for the African-American population, mainly the Deep South, which originated from their spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. At the time united states were a British colony that brought slaves from Africa who populated most of the south of the country. They worked on the tobacco, cotton and rice plantations and were not allowed to practice their cultures and religions. The first bluesmen were people that used to sing about how their life was to try and relieve the pain. In a way they were trying to send messages that travelled from plantation to plantation, to show what being a slave was. Blues became, for the African-Americans, a form of expression and a way to tell their stories. It was emotionally deep, straight to the point and full of meaning. John Mayall, from the Blues Breakers says the main charm about the blues is that it has such an authenticity about in the fact that when you listen to it you hear these stories, and visualize that these are real stories. And often they were, as narrative of the lyrics was usually about the cruelty of police offices, oppression at the hands of white people and hard times. For example, in Blind Lemon Jeffersons Rising High Water Blues, he tells the story of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 where he lost his girlfriend: Black water rising, Southern people cant make no time, Black water rising, Southern people cant make no time, And I cant get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine After the war, lyrics became simpler and focused almost entirely on relationship despairs or sexual worries. Themes that recurrently appeared in pre-war blues such as economic depression, farming, gambling, magic, the devil, fires and floods were less common in post-war blues. Other lyrics by artist like Skip James, Reverend Gary Davis or Blind Willie Johnson were also artist recognized by more religious or spiritual performances, highly influenced by the Christian conversions. 1920s, First Harmonica Recordings As for the harmonica, Pete Hampton was probably the first African-American harmonica player to be recorded. Despite a productive recording career in the early 1900s with songs like Nigger Blues, he only seemed to have used the harmonica for one particular song titled Mouth Organ Coon, where the harmonica probably adopted the term Mouth Organ. He already used many effects including vocalising through the harmonica, the use of fox chase and train-like rhythm arrangements and simultaneous whistling. Hampton used an F diatonic harmonica and he played it in first position. Soon after that, Henry Whitter was the first to record in the cross harp position. Even though he was a white musician, he had adopted a remarkable African-American influence on his harmonica playing. He claimed to have made test recordings in March 1923 and recorded the final tracks around December 1923 in New York City, recording the first three harmonica solos. The tunes appear to be in the key of A, and Whitter played in the second position on a D harmonica. He also had a train imitation, this one played in first position in what looked like a key of B although it might have originally been played on a C harp, an slowed down at some point. Another early country music star was DeFord Bailey who became the first African American performer on the Grand Ole Opry, which was a weekly country music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee that presented different artists from the genre from 1925. Bailey could play various instruments but he was best known for playing the harmonica and he played every Saturday night for 15 years, after he had to leave because of a dispute with management. He developed the fox-hunt and train techniques and he used a custom made megaphone to amplify the sound from his harmonica. At the time, music was totally acoustic and the harmonica could be played comfortably and heard perfectly while accompanying a guitar and a singer. Some players used a class or a jug to funnel the sound and gain a bit more amplification like DeFord Baileys custom megaphone. (See Pic XfunnelX) By then, the harmonica had proved to be an interesting new instrument full of different sounds and effects, radically departing from the manufactures intentions of a toy. 1930s, Lomax and the re-discovery The Emancipation Act of 1863, between 1870 and 1900, which freed the Black communities from slavery and had permitted them to build up the so called juke joints as places where Blacks could go to listen to some music, dance or have a gamble after a days work. Performances where held in places like the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York or many bars along the famous Beale Street in Memphis. This style was known as the Delta Blues, which consisted on traditional, rural country blues performed acoustically in more of a polished city urban style, also introducing new sounds like the bottle neck slide guitar and the floorboard stomping. By the end of the twenties, Vaudeville and tent-show singers, circus artists, boogie-woogie pianists, jug and jazz bands were to be heard at some point playing some form of the blues. Blues was becoming a vehicle for some people to earn a living by playing and entertaining the audiences. It was exclusively race music and the majority of white people didnt really know what it was or nor have the interest to listen to it. Outside the phonograph stores, black people would stand in line anxious to obtain the latest blues disc and by now there was already a reasonably large archive of blues music given by artists like Lead Belly, Henry Thomas and Big Walter Horton. Many harmonica players were recording in duos with guitarists like Hammie Nixon and Sleepy John Estes, or trios like Sonny Terry, Blind Boy Fuller and Bull City Red. Around the 1930s, John Lomax, pioneering musicologist and folklorist, together with his son Alan Lomax made a great number of non-commercial recordings for the Archive of American Folk songs. They went around the south of the United States with a mobile recording device, capturing many root songs, field hollers and ring shouts. This contributed in a great way to the blues because they managed to capture, catalogue and generate an archive of traditional and rural sounds. The instruments flexibility also captured the attention of classical music during this decade. Although some conservative musicians didnt approve of it and degraded it by considering it a toy, young Larry Adler managed to perform a minuet by Beethoven and later on had works written for the instrument by the composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Darius Milhaud, Malcolm Arnold and Arthur Benjamin. 1940s, Pre-war and Post-war Blues During the war, the United States experienced a shortage of harmonicas mainly because materials like wood and metal that were used to make harmonicas were in short supply due to military demand. Another problem was that Germany and Japan were the primary manufacturers of harmonicas and of course where the Axis powers opposed to the United States and the allied forces. Companies like Finn Harkon Magnus, developed a molded plastic harmonica that used plastic combs and far fewer pieces than traditional metal or wood harmonicas, which in a way made the harmonica more hygienic and far more efficient to mass produce. The sound from these harmonicas was inferior to the traditional ones but their inexpensiveness made them become a common toy among children. Between the late 30s and the 40s, many African-Americans were starting to migrate to other states further north in hope to find more acceptable working conditions. Many musicians based in Memphis moved to big cities like Chicago and New York encouraged by their music and the idea of making a living from entertainment. It was the beginning of what would later be called the Chicago Electric Blues. 1950s Chess Records and the Chicago Blues The 50s were the beginning of an era of high quality harmonica players. For instance Sonny Boy Williamson II, is one of the most important harmonica players of this era. The blues gradually began to use more electric amplification for the guitar, double bass, and vocals. Using a full blues band, as he usually played backed by a piano or a guitar, a bass and a drummer, Sonny Boy became a popular act in the South with his daily broadcasts when he was hired to play the King Biscuit Time show, advertising the King Biscuit brand of baking flour on the radio. Sonny Boy Williamson II also helped popularize the cross-harp technique and his way of playing which was very expressive, very sensual and very technical. Another key factor to this new era of blues harmonica was the Chess brothers. Leonard and Philip Chess were two Jewish immigrants from Poland who came to Chicago in 1928. They owned some bars on the south side of Chicago, their largest establishment being a nightclub called the Macomba. The Macomba had live performances and many of those were blues entertainers that had migrated to Chicago from the Mississippi delta during the late 30s and 40s. The Chess brothers realized that these artists were not being properly represented or recorded, so they decided to start recording them themselves. They entered into a partnership with Charles and Evelyn Aron in Aristocrat Records who had just opened Aristocrat Records to record blues, jazz and rhythm blues. The most important artist they recorded was McKinley Morganfield, who went by the name of Muddy Waters. He had come from Mississippi to Chicago a few years before and had been working on his own until he met the Chess brothers. His first records where of himself accompanied by a guitar or a piano. His deep raw singing style reflected the spirit of the blues and was quite unique. The Chess brothers were able to build Muddy Waters into Chicagos leading blues singer through their connections with radio stations and local clubs. In late 1949, Leonard and Phil Chess became the sole owners of Aristocrat Records and reorganized the company changing its name to Chess Records. Historically, the music business had always been dominated by a few major record labels which were Columbia, Victor, Decca, Capitol, Mercury, and MGM. These major labels had paid some attention to the blues and other root genres but had always placed the artists on secondary labels that were focused toward the race audience. Chess Records grew in those early days of both rhythm and blues and along with other independent record companies like Atlantic, Aladdin, Specialty, Imperial, Modern and King were giving the public music that they could not get from the established major record companies. Other young Mississippi bluesmen that were drawn to Chicago joined Muddy Waters band. One of the most brilliant musicians to play with Muddy was Little Walter Jacobs, whose outstanding harmonica made the band even better. The young harmonicist revolutionized the instrument by playing the harmonica through a microphone, typically a Bullet microphone sold for use by radio taxi dispatchers. He cupped in his hands around it with the harmonica, and tightened the air around the harp. It gave the instrument a punchy, mid-range, powerful, distorted sound that could be heard as loud as an electric guitar. MUCH MORE ABOUT LITTE WALTER His style, is amps and effects, his solo career. In 1952, Chess formed a subsidiary label called Checker where Little Walter recorded some of his own work. His first release was an instrumental piece called Juke which topped the Rhythm and Blues charts for eight weeks. He was able to top the charts again in 1955 with the song My Babe. A young record producer in Memphis Tennessee named Sam Phillips was recording a 300 pound farm worker named Chester Burnette, who became known as the Howlin Wolf. At the time, Phillips, who later established Sun Re